Chapter 9

Classical: 500 bc-1348 AD

• timelines are problematic 
• strayer would call "Islamic Period," third wave, post-classical 

Classical means...

1. competition for dominance between civilizations 
2. seminal thinkers 
3. empire and cosmopolitan areas 
4. mulit-continental political structures 

China

Byzantine Empire....had its golden age 

Islam? is Islam a goof example of why this came to be called a post-classical period?

the period from 500 AD to 1348 AD is not a post or later classical, but rather a fully classical era of human history. 

4 sections 

1. birth of religion 
2. civilization 
3. era empire 
4. culture 

Civilization: 

• good economy 
• cosmopolitan civilization 
• technology diffused widely 
• contributed to ecological exchange as agricultural products 
• practices spread from one region to another 
• goods, technologies, food products, and ideas circulated widely 
• a network of faith 
• multicontinental structure 

Stereotypes...Islam

What Stereotypes exist in the West about Islam?

• actively oppressive to women 
• violent religion 
• all muslims are terrorists 
• muslims cannot be trusted 
• fear of mosques...mosqua phobia 
• islam is taking over the worlds 

in what ways do the primary sources, on Islam, erode those stereotypes? or support

• very defensive stance on mostly everything 
• men cannot wear gold or silver 

"We honor the dignity and sacredness of each person."

Quran...God 

• "Jihad" (self-betterment)  religious was/holy war ....purpose to take over or convert 

Hadith 

• sense of respect 
• dressing form of Islam 

Sharia 

• How a woman needs to cover herself 

Mongols..continued

What has been the role of nomadic pastorial people?

• more mobile 
• less "civilized"  (urban)
• traditional 
• less likely to build things 
• less agricultural 
• eat a lot of animal products 
• chinese had to protect their borders 
• more egalitarian

Mongols..really? why not ?

• less population 
• less property (stuff overall) 
• women shared in the less stuff 

Why barbarians?

• could attack and retreat 
• they were very well organized (military structure) 
• riding horses, sattles, stirrups 
• maybe mandate of heaven were with the mongols because everything was going fairly well 
• very large network of communication 

Did the Mongols have a seminal thinker?

• accepted any religiong that they saw 
• they were very adaptive 
• vicious about how they could destroy town 
• they were pilgramming 

Why did Black Death or the Bubonic Plague cause so much damage?

• it was a vicious disease 
• spread so fast 
• very obvious when somebody had it 
• people didn't help the sick, family or homeless 

Mongols Debate

The Mongols got a bad reputation from historians. In fact, they deserve respect for creating a civilization with a long term impact on World History. 

• They weren't into trading, they just adapted to what people said 
• didn't lead us to better human development 
• they had a very weak civilization 
• did not structure because it did not deserve identity 

Think of these words: 

• diversity
• equality
• freedom 
• ruthlessness
• fear
• love
•  hatred
• humility
• hierarchy 
• intolerance 
• control 
• god leadership 
• respectfulness 

• "anda" Sacrad; relationship between two unarmed men 
• Mongols had homosexual love 
• This is interesting to see because they were so warrior like 
• Historians were not okay with homosexuality 
• homosexuality can be seen as the Mongols not being civilized 
• relationship only lasted for one year 

Chapter 7

Roads 

Silk Roads: 

• Relay on trading 
• China's Silk was in high demand 
• Because it was in high demand, it was sacred to Buddhism and Christianity
• Culture's diffused and diseases spread linked pastoral and agricultural peoples as well as the large civilizations on the continent's outer rim symbolize Eurasian Network of Exchange 
• Buddhism spread throughout Central and East Asia , owing much to the merchants along Silk Roads

Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean 

• connected distant peoples all across Eastern Hemisphere 
• meditarranean sea...avenue of maritime commerce 
• Black Seas 
• Atlantic Coast 
• Red Sea 
• ships could accommodate larger and heavier cargues than camels
• Religion: Hinduism found place in South East Asia...well routed in Champa Kingdom  
• christianity 
• relying on natural wind 
• monsoons 
• longer travel 
• mass market items 
• not luxury items 

Sand Roads: 

• Meditarranean world used camels, ivory slaves, gold horses, cloth, and salt 
• Exchange across the Sahara 
• Sahara held deposits of copper and especially salt, while its oasis produced sweet and nutritious dates 
• gold above all else 
• major international trade route that fostered new relationships among distant people 
• new and larger political structures

3 Theories

Is the evidence for these three theories convincing?

Why is it so important to be able to asses "evidence"? 

1. In life... 

• You base important life actions on what you believe to be true 
• The world is full of B.S. 

    2.  In History... 

• Winner writes history
• history motivates real political actions (policy) 

Old Theory: 

-Bering Land Bridge 

New Theories: 

Controversial: 

• Polynesian Migration 
• Kelp Highway 

Plausibility: 

• Old Theory is implausible on its own 
• Oldest remains are at the tip of South America 
• Path crosses multiple ecosystems/regions 
• No G.P.S/Map 

Clear Evidence: 

• Shelfish remains (middens)? 
• Cultural Symbols
• Wood Decomposes 
• Sea levels risen 
• (Polynesian) crops/foods: sweet potato, chicken, other plants from Polynesia to the Americas 

 Chapter 3

1. Both positively and negatively-the roles of the empire in the history of the 2nd wave era...

-Despite their violence, exploitation and oppression, substantial periods of peace fostered, such as artistic development, commercial exchange and cultural mixing.

     2. Persian and Greek civilizations differed in their political organization and values....

-Persian Empire centered on an elaborate culture of kingship in which the monarch could be approached only through an elaborate ritual.

• absolute rule
• policy of respect for the empires, many non-Persian traditions 

 -Greek Empire

• varying degrees of popular participation in political life
• smaller than Persian Empire
• Small Penninsula divided by mountains and valleys
• city states..small settlements 
• citizenship..free people managing the state was different (voted)

    4. Semidemocratic governments emerged in some of the Greek city states....

• growing numbers of men were able to affors the armor and weapons that would allow them to serve in the armies of the city states
• dictators supported by power classes 
• athenian leader Solon broke the hold on power of a small group of aristocratic families in Athens..also abolished debt salary, increased access to public office to a wider group of men and allowed citizens to take part in assembly 

     5. Consequences for both sides of the encounter between the persian and the Greeks

•  Greek victory radicalized Athenian democracy (service of poor

First Civilizations

Civilization was a general phenomenon

-six major civilizations and some smaller manifestations

-scattered around the world

-developed after 3,500 B.C.E. 

One of the earliest civilizations emerged in Sumer (Southern Mesopotamia) 3,500 and 3,000 B.C.E. They were the first to develop a written language. There was an appearance of Egyptian civilization in Nile River Valley (north east Africa) and smaller Nubian civilization to its south at about the same time. Norte Chico (Central Coastal Peru) emerged between 3,000/1800 B.C.E. and consisted of 25 urban centers. It differed in several ways from Mesopotamia and Egypt and was unusually self-contained, as well as the only import being maize. Indus-Valley civilization in Indus and Saraswati river valleys of present day Pakistan arose between 3000 and 2000 B.C.E. Here, they had elaborately planned cities and standardized weights, measures, architectural styles, and brick sizes.  Unlike other civilizations, it generated no palaces, temples, elaborate graves, kings, or warrior classes. Environment degradation led to collapse of this civilization by about 1700 B.C.E., but several aspects of its culture shaped later Indian societies. 

Around 2200 B.C.E. a first civilization took shape in China. Then Xia, Shang, and Zhoo dynasties enlarged the Chinese state.

-ruler was the "Son of Heaven," an intermediary between heaven/earth

-China has maintained impressive cultural continuity into modern times 

The Olmec produced first civilization much later (1200 B.C.E.) on coast of gulf of Mexico.

-Cities arose from competing chiefdoms and produced elaborate ceremonial centers

-created first written language in the Americas by 900 B.C.E. 

-culture influenced later civilizations in MesoAmerica

Other civilizations also flourished, such as the Nubian civilization South of Egypt (distinctive and individual) 

Random facts...
-All first civilizations relied on highly productive agriculture

-had more surplus that they needed

-technological challenges

-need for social organization

-power/hierarchy

Documents

Considering the Evidence...History before writing..How do we know?
Sub-Saharan Africa was the original home of our species, Homo Sapiens. Archeologists have studied human fossil remains, tools, pottery, buildings, art, and more. They also studied their  culture and collecter their stories, myths, and oral traditions.

A Paleolithic Woman in the Twentieth Century...
They interviewed a fifty year old woman about her life "in the bush."

Life in the Bush...They are no village people, for they have no goats nor cattle. They lived with what they had and they were happy with it. "Some people gave and others stinged," and "if a person doesn't give something to me, I wont give anything to that person."

Marriage...
"A man is not something that kills you, he is someone who marries you, who becomes like your father or your older brother. He kills animals and gives you things to eat."

Loss...
Her husband Tashay died and Nisa blames God from taking him away from her. And now she is without the man she married. She believes that God is the one who destroys, not the people.

Lovers...
Besa was another guy whom Nisa liked. He wanted to have sex all the time, but Nisa wasnt sure she was very fond of the subject. However, Nisa still stayed with him and never left him after many years. "When you are  a woman, you dont just sit still and do nothing..you have lovers."

A Healing Ritual..Also known as N/um.

VISUAL SOURCES
Considering the Evidence...History before writing..how do we know?
-physical remains
-artistic representation

Lascaux
-appreciating graceful lines, use of color, and distinctive use of perspective and sometimes movement

"Mother goddess." art work...
Hodder believed that this piece revealed a close connection between ritual and daily function.

Otzi the Iceman..."His clothing consisted of a leather loincloth and leggings, a coat of stitched animal furs, and covering all of this, a cape of woven grass. All of this reveals that Otzi was living at the beginning age of metals.

Stonehenge...a place for the sick and injured of the Neolithic world.

Ways of the World. Chapter 1

There are three major eras on the way we produce things:

1.   Paleolithic Cyber 
2. Agricultural Revolution
3. Industrial Revolution

Paleolithic : We evolved as homo sapiens  (about 200,000 years ago-12,000 years ago)
In the paleolithic era, thirty percent of food was hunted, while the other seventy percent of food was gathered.  In this era, they lived in small groups that consisted of about twenty through twenty-five people. Due to a small amount people in a group, it created a whole society, participation from everyone, and kept the group alive. Also, since everyone worked together to provide for each other, it created more equal gender roles between men and women. They used basic/old stone tools and migrated out of Africa.

Agriculture:
Agriculture spread to adjacent areas, to almost all of the world's peoples. They expanded their foods and created a broad spectrum diet. Women were the innovators to deliberate farming, such as them collecting wild plants, while men lead in domesticating animals. Due to global warming, the end of the ice age, their advancement in agriculture, and technology, they settled down and established more permanent villages. Many believe that because the population increased drastically, the agricultural revolution began because they needed to provide for more people.

Variations

• They started to use digging stick/hoe. 
• Wheat, corn, rice, barely, sorghum supply more than half the calories that sustain human life. 
• The Fertile Crescent was the first to experience a full agricultural revolution.
• dry spell triggered revolution

The Globalization of Agriculture
 Triumph and resistance

Their interaction with the environment was seen through:

1. Setting fired as a way of replenishing soil
2. had so much land (they could move)
3. Cy-clinical (fertility)  point of view (world of cycles)  

Neolithic: Homo Sapiens adopted all other forms of genus homo

Yay I'm Done!