Chapter 9

Classical: 500 bc-1348 AD

• timelines are problematic 
• strayer would call "Islamic Period," third wave, post-classical 

Classical means...

1. competition for dominance between civilizations 
2. seminal thinkers 
3. empire and cosmopolitan areas 
4. mulit-continental political structures 

China

Byzantine Empire....had its golden age 

Islam? is Islam a goof example of why this came to be called a post-classical period?

the period from 500 AD to 1348 AD is not a post or later classical, but rather a fully classical era of human history. 

4 sections 

1. birth of religion 
2. civilization 
3. era empire 
4. culture 

Civilization: 

• good economy 
• cosmopolitan civilization 
• technology diffused widely 
• contributed to ecological exchange as agricultural products 
• practices spread from one region to another 
• goods, technologies, food products, and ideas circulated widely 
• a network of faith 
• multicontinental structure 

Stereotypes...Islam

What Stereotypes exist in the West about Islam?

• actively oppressive to women 
• violent religion 
• all muslims are terrorists 
• muslims cannot be trusted 
• fear of mosques...mosqua phobia 
• islam is taking over the worlds 

in what ways do the primary sources, on Islam, erode those stereotypes? or support

• very defensive stance on mostly everything 
• men cannot wear gold or silver 

"We honor the dignity and sacredness of each person."

Quran...God 

• "Jihad" (self-betterment)  religious was/holy war ....purpose to take over or convert 

Hadith 

• sense of respect 
• dressing form of Islam 

Sharia 

• How a woman needs to cover herself 

Mongols..continued

What has been the role of nomadic pastorial people?

• more mobile 
• less "civilized"  (urban)
• traditional 
• less likely to build things 
• less agricultural 
• eat a lot of animal products 
• chinese had to protect their borders 
• more egalitarian

Mongols..really? why not ?

• less population 
• less property (stuff overall) 
• women shared in the less stuff 

Why barbarians?

• could attack and retreat 
• they were very well organized (military structure) 
• riding horses, sattles, stirrups 
• maybe mandate of heaven were with the mongols because everything was going fairly well 
• very large network of communication 

Did the Mongols have a seminal thinker?

• accepted any religiong that they saw 
• they were very adaptive 
• vicious about how they could destroy town 
• they were pilgramming 

Why did Black Death or the Bubonic Plague cause so much damage?

• it was a vicious disease 
• spread so fast 
• very obvious when somebody had it 
• people didn't help the sick, family or homeless 

Mongols Debate

The Mongols got a bad reputation from historians. In fact, they deserve respect for creating a civilization with a long term impact on World History. 

• They weren't into trading, they just adapted to what people said 
• didn't lead us to better human development 
• they had a very weak civilization 
• did not structure because it did not deserve identity 

Think of these words: 

• diversity
• equality
• freedom 
• ruthlessness
• fear
• love
•  hatred
• humility
• hierarchy 
• intolerance 
• control 
• god leadership 
• respectfulness 

• "anda" Sacrad; relationship between two unarmed men 
• Mongols had homosexual love 
• This is interesting to see because they were so warrior like 
• Historians were not okay with homosexuality 
• homosexuality can be seen as the Mongols not being civilized 
• relationship only lasted for one year 

Chapter 7

Roads 

Silk Roads: 

• Relay on trading 
• China's Silk was in high demand 
• Because it was in high demand, it was sacred to Buddhism and Christianity
• Culture's diffused and diseases spread linked pastoral and agricultural peoples as well as the large civilizations on the continent's outer rim symbolize Eurasian Network of Exchange 
• Buddhism spread throughout Central and East Asia , owing much to the merchants along Silk Roads

Sea Roads: Exchange across the Indian Ocean 

• connected distant peoples all across Eastern Hemisphere 
• meditarranean sea...avenue of maritime commerce 
• Black Seas 
• Atlantic Coast 
• Red Sea 
• ships could accommodate larger and heavier cargues than camels
• Religion: Hinduism found place in South East Asia...well routed in Champa Kingdom  
• christianity 
• relying on natural wind 
• monsoons 
• longer travel 
• mass market items 
• not luxury items 

Sand Roads: 

• Meditarranean world used camels, ivory slaves, gold horses, cloth, and salt 
• Exchange across the Sahara 
• Sahara held deposits of copper and especially salt, while its oasis produced sweet and nutritious dates 
• gold above all else 
• major international trade route that fostered new relationships among distant people 
• new and larger political structures

3 Theories

Is the evidence for these three theories convincing?

Why is it so important to be able to asses "evidence"? 

1. In life... 

• You base important life actions on what you believe to be true 
• The world is full of B.S. 

    2.  In History... 

• Winner writes history
• history motivates real political actions (policy) 

Old Theory: 

-Bering Land Bridge 

New Theories: 

Controversial: 

• Polynesian Migration 
• Kelp Highway 

Plausibility: 

• Old Theory is implausible on its own 
• Oldest remains are at the tip of South America 
• Path crosses multiple ecosystems/regions 
• No G.P.S/Map 

Clear Evidence: 

• Shelfish remains (middens)? 
• Cultural Symbols
• Wood Decomposes 
• Sea levels risen 
• (Polynesian) crops/foods: sweet potato, chicken, other plants from Polynesia to the Americas 

 Chapter 3

1. Both positively and negatively-the roles of the empire in the history of the 2nd wave era...

-Despite their violence, exploitation and oppression, substantial periods of peace fostered, such as artistic development, commercial exchange and cultural mixing.

     2. Persian and Greek civilizations differed in their political organization and values....

-Persian Empire centered on an elaborate culture of kingship in which the monarch could be approached only through an elaborate ritual.

• absolute rule
• policy of respect for the empires, many non-Persian traditions 

 -Greek Empire

• varying degrees of popular participation in political life
• smaller than Persian Empire
• Small Penninsula divided by mountains and valleys
• city states..small settlements 
• citizenship..free people managing the state was different (voted)

    4. Semidemocratic governments emerged in some of the Greek city states....

• growing numbers of men were able to affors the armor and weapons that would allow them to serve in the armies of the city states
• dictators supported by power classes 
• athenian leader Solon broke the hold on power of a small group of aristocratic families in Athens..also abolished debt salary, increased access to public office to a wider group of men and allowed citizens to take part in assembly 

     5. Consequences for both sides of the encounter between the persian and the Greeks

•  Greek victory radicalized Athenian democracy (service of poor